Crude Oil Distillation Process Part 2

The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures; so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows.

Crude Oil Distillation Process Part 1

An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology of, and can be thought of as types of chemical plants. The crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot (tank farm) at or near an oil refinery for storage of bulk liquid products.

Extraction of Palm Oil

In this presentation I described the processing of palm oil from oil palm fruit, with a focus on the extraction process to get the crude palm oil.

Presented by Professor Abd Karim Alias
School of Industrial Technology
Universiti Sains Malaysia

History: The Fat Stock

                    Up-to-date Modern Machinery for dealing with Palm Oil and Kernels at La Societe des Huileries du Congo.

Fed in mixture with locust-bean meal, it is taken readily by stock, and no difficulty need be experienced in storing cake containing a comparatively large percentage of oil."

The County of Northumberland Education Committee has issued a very valuable report on palm-kernel cake and meal, and coconut cake compared with Soya cake for fattening cattle and sheep. The trials were carried out at the County Agricultural Experiment Station, Cockle Park. The summary results were:- 

	Standard Ration.	Palm Kernel Cake Ration	Palm Kernel Meal Ration.	Coconut Cake Ration.
Bollocks, . Heifers, . Average, .	Lbs. 16.50 8.92 12.71	Lbs. 12.44 10.00 11.22	Lbs. 14.19 9.25 11.72	Lbs. 15.70 7.42 11.56

The cakes and meal were kept in the granary and were in quite good condition after being stored for some months.

In some previous trials palm-kernel cake gave the cattle more glossy coats and more ' bloom," but in these trials no such effect was produced on the fattening cattle or on the young stirks.

Better average gains were given by those wintered inside than those wintered outside, but at the end of March practical valuers attached 30s. a head more value to those wintered outside, as they had better coats of hair and were more promising grazing cattle. Palm-kernel meal gave better results than palm-kernel cake with these young cattle, although the meal contained less than 2 per cent, of oil and the cake nearly 6 per cent. The gains per week were quite satisfactory for such store cattle in winter, and each lot went through the winter well.

The sheep used were three parts bred hogs and had been bred near Rothbury in 1915. All the lots made satisfactory gains, which indicated palm-kernel cake and palm-kernel meal as suitable foods for fattening sheep. Again palm-kernel meal gave a better result than palm-kernel cake.

The fattening bullocks made average net gains of from £3 to £6 a head. Their live weight value increased from 47s. to 62s. a cwt. during the fattening period. The fattening heifers made average net gains of 50s. to 64s. a head. The net gains per head for the stirks varied from 10s. to 23s., and their value as stores increased from 42s. 6d. a cwt. at the beginning of the winter to 48s. at the end. The fattening hogs made net gains per head of from 3s. to 5s., and improved in live weight value from 5 1/2|d. to 6 1/4d. a lb. during the fattening period.

Palm-kernel meal is found to be an excellent basis for a pig meal, and as more oil is obtained from palm kernels by means of the extraction process of which palm-kernel meal is the by-product, it was also of the greatest importance to test extracted palm-kernel meal as a feeding-stuff.

The following table gives the composition of palm-kernel cake in comparison with coconut, linseed, and cotton-seed cakes :Constituents per Cent.

	Soya Cake.	Egypt Cotton Cake.	Coconut Cake.	Palm-Nut Cake.	Palm-Kernel Meal.	Maize.
Moisture,	10.40	11.60	11.65	11.00	12.40	14.30
Oil, ...	6 03	4.07	8.37	5.40	1.35	4.54
Albuminoids, .	43.85	24.30	21.75	21.00	18.81	9.89
Carbo-hydrates,	29.97	34.33	41.96	43.2	40.94	68.20
Fibre, .	4.60	20.5	10.75	15.78	22.60	1.47
Ash, Nitrogen,	515	5.55	5.52	3.70	3.90	1.00
	100 00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
	7.02	3.89	3.48	3.36	3.01	1.58
Sand,	0.65	0.70	1.05	0.75	0.80	none
Digestible oil, .	5.5	3.8	81	5.2	1.3	4 0
Digestible true albu-
minoids,	37.7	19.9	16.5	17.5	15.6	6.7
Digestible carbo-hy-
drates and fibre,	21.6	28.6	41.5	46.1	49.4	65.4
Starch equivalent,	67	47	80	75	66	82

Another product of the oil palm which is not so generally known is fibre ; this fibre is of very good quality, and realises as much as £60 a ton on the Liverpool market.

It is the only fibre that is sufficiently fine and strong to make fishing lines, and this is the only use to which it is put by the natives. It is obtained from the young pinnae, the older leaves being too strong and coarse to permit the hand-extraction of the fibre.

The process of extraction is laborious, and, therefore, unremunerative, the cost of the production being as high as £75 a ton. There remains, however, a possi-pility that a mechanical or a chemical process may be introduced to separate the fibre from the pinnae cheaply.

The tendency in the palm oil and kernel trade is to have large factories and mills on the spot for treating the material, and, therefore, a few words are necessary on this subject. First, the selection of a site for an oil-palm factory necessitates a careful examination of the productivity of oil palms in the vicinity.

Secondly, factories requiring large supplies of palm fruit near at hand will probably have to resort to plantation methods, in which case the choice of the best variety of palm for planting will be essential.

Thirdly, a factory requiring 5 tons of palm fruit daily and producing from about | to 1 ton of palm oil, will require about 30,000 trees (say 80 to the acre). This is based upon the calculation that, as the fruit heads consist of only 64 per cent, of fruit (the remainder being useless fibrous stem, bracts, etc.), it would be necessary to collect and transport to the factory nearly 8 tons of fruit heads daily, or, taking the number of working days in the year as 200, and thus allowing for the fact that the palms do not bear fully throughout the year, over 1,500 tons per annum.

Smart (Committee on Edible and Oil-producing Nuts and Seeds, Minutes of Evidence, 1916) states that an area of 14 square miles (about 9,000 acres) would be desirable for the establishment of a factory working 10,000 tons of fruit a year, but that such an area in full bearing would produce over 25,000 tons of fruit a year, or 1,000 tons of fruit per annum from 360 acres, which agrees closely with the figure arrived at above. It is obvious that large factories would require considerable areas even under plantation conditions, but that under the present conditions, where the trees are largely wild and irregularly distributed and where it is necessary to allow for bad seasons, the loss of fruit owing to animal and human depredations and other eventualities, a much larger area would be required. From the above considerations it is evident that even a moderate-sized factory must be located in the centre of a large oil-palm area, and that considerable quantities of fruit must be collected and transported over long distances, necessitating a good supply of cheap labour and adequate transport facilities.

 

The Best Way To Take Care Of Your Skin With Palm Oil

Dry skin feels rough to the touch and uncomfortable to live in. Drying soaps, cold weather, and the constant assault from UV rays and ozone can all lead to dryness. They also cause actual skin damage and cellular break down. Fortunately, palm oil is a helpful antidote.

This oil comes from the palm Elaeis guineensis, not to be confused with the more familiar coconut palm tree. There are two types of oils derived from the Elaeis guineensis: palm oil and palm kernel oil. Palm kernel oil is pressed from the seed; palm oil comes from the fruit. Both are used in natural skin care products to protect, repair and rebuild the skin.

Vitamin E has become synonymous with skin health as a protective anti-oxidant and a skin-rebuilding agent. While all vitamin E is good for the skin, some plants produce a form that is better than other forms, and palm oil contains one of the best. The form of vitamin E in high concentration is a group called tocotrienols. Vitamin E is an anti-oxidant that both protects the skin from damage and helps to repair damage. And to make this oil even better for the skin, it contains large amounts of vitamin A, another fat-soluble anti-oxidant molecule that brings major benefits to the skin. In fact, the rich red color of the oil comes from its high concentration of carotenoids - the carotenoids are where the vitamin A is found.

Anti-oxidants are molecules that prevent oxidization and breakdown of cells both in the skin and in the rest of the body. These anti-oxidizing molecules keep skin looking young and healthy by protecting cells from damage and premature aging. That is why palm oil, applied topically to the skin, can help reduce damage from the sun and from ozone by preventing the cells from oxidizing. At the same time, it supports the rebuilding of damaged cells by supplying the body with ingredients for cell regeneration.

With age, skin loses much of its natural oils and skin cells begin to break down causing fine lines to appear. Natural plant oils help to rebuild the skin and cause the cells to plump up. As the cells plump up, the appearance of fine lines is reduced.

You can use palm oil alone or as part of a natural face or body cream to protect and repair your skin from the assaults of daily life. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/6739612

Palm Oil Refining: Part Two

 

Palm Oil Refining: part 2

I explained the various stages involved in physical and chemical refining of crude palm oil and differences between the two refining methods.

Presented by Professor Abd Karim Alias
School of Industrial Technology
Universiti Sains Malaysia

Palm Oil Refining: Part One

 

Refining of Crude Palm Oil: Part 1

In Part 1 of this lecture I explained the reasons for refining crude oil and described the differences between physical and chemical refining. Refining is designed to remove free fatty acids (FFA), gums (phosphatides) trace elements (iron, copper) and other minor undesirable components that have adverse effect on the quality of oil.

Presented by Prof. Abd Karim Alias
School of Industrial Technology
Universiti Sains Malaysia