Fundemental Process of BioDiesel

How Beneficial is BioDiesel..?

BioDiesel Process

BioDiesel from Palm Oil

100% CRUDE PALM OIL REFINED (RBD) PALM OIL PALM OLEIN & PALM STEARIN are EXCELLENT VEGETABLE OILs THAT CAN BE USED TO PRODUCE YOUR BIODIESEL!

Palm Oil Biodiesel is produced by a reaction of a palm oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield mono-alkyl esters and glycerin, which is removed.

With the increase in awareness and importance attached to environmental issues such as global warming, more environment-friendly fuels are being developed as alternatives to fossil fuel. One such fuel, which has been gaining prominence in recent years, is biodiesel. Clean and renewable, biofuel has been touted as the answer to the issue of the diminishing of energy reserves.

The advantages of palm oil biodiesel, drawn from the field trials are no modification of the engines is required, good engine performance, cleaner exhaust emission and comparable fuel consumption in comparison with the petroleum diesel.

 

6 REASONS WHY PALM OIL IS BETTER FOR BIODIESEL:
(i) Abundantly available and stable supply.
(ii) Crude Palm Oil can be broken down into many more useful fractions.
(iii) Cheaper than all oils especially Soybean Oil Did I mention, CHEAPER!
(iv) Already being used domestically
(v) Reduces our dependency on petroleum diesel
(vi) Biodegradable Eliminates harmful emissions

What is Palm Oil biodiesel?
Palm Oil Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from Palm Oil. Palm Oil Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications. Palm Oil Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics.

How is Palm Oil Biodiesel made?
Palm Oil Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the Palm oil. The process leaves behind two products -- methyl esters (the chemical name for palm oil biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable byproduct usually sold to be used in soaps and other products).

Is Palm Oil Biodiesel the same thing as raw vegetable palm oil?
No! Fuel-grade palm oil biodiesel must be produced to strict industry specifications (ASTM D6751) in order to insure proper performance. Palm Oil Biodiesel is one of the few biodiesels to have fully completed the health effects testing requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Biodiesel that meets ASTM D6751 and is legally registered with the Environmental Protection Agency is a legal motor fuel for sale and distribution. Raw Palm Oil cannot meet biodiesel fuel specifications, it is not registered with the EPA, and it is not a legal motor fuel.

For entities seeking to adopt a definition of biodiesel for purposes such as federal or state statute, state or national divisions of weights and measures, or for any other purpose, the official definition consistent with other federal and state laws and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) guidelines is as follows:

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Palm Oil Biodiesel is defined as mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from Palm Oil vegetable oils which conform to ASTM D6751 specifications for use in diesel engines. Biodiesel refers to the pure fuel before blending with diesel fuel. Biodiesel blends are denoted as, "BXX" with "XX" representing the percentage of biodiesel contained in the blend (ie: B20 is 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel).

Why should I use palm oil biodiesel?
Palm Oil Biodiesel is better for the environment because it is made from renewable resources, i.e. Palm Oil and has lower emissions compared to petroleum diesel. It is less toxic than table salt and biodegrades as fast as sugar. Since it is made from renewable resources i.e. Palm Oil, its use decreases our dependence on foreign oil and contributes to our own economy.

Where do I get Palm oil biodiesel?
It can be purchased directly from biodiesel producers and marketers, petroleum distributors.

What is biodiesel? 

Very often, a broad, general description is used to define biodiesel in a way that is easy to understand by the general public. However, when these broad descriptions are adopted by an authoritative body as a formal definition, they can include a wide range of experimental fuels that are not biodiesel. The term "biodiesel" has a specific, technical definition that has been agreed to through a painstaking process by members of industry and government which has received full approval by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), the premier standard setting organization for fuels and fuel additives. That definition is used for purposes such as alternative fuel designation, EPA registration, or other regulatory purposes. Nonetheless, this specific technical definition can be confusing to the general public.

General Definition of Biodiesel:
Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils like soybean oil, palm oil and which meets the specifications of ASTM D 6751.

Clarifying language to general definition:
Biodiesel can be used in any concentration with petroleum based diesel fuel in existing diesel engines with little or no modification. Biodiesel is not the same thing as raw vegetable oil. It is produced by a chemical process which removes the glycerin from the oil.

Technical Definition for Biodiesel (ASTM D 6751) and Biodiesel Blend:
Biodiesel, n-a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751.

Biodiesel Blend, n-a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with petroleum-based diesel fuel, designated BXX, where XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.

Clarifying language to technical definition:
Biodiesel, as defined in D 6751, is registered with the US EPA as a fuel and a fuel additive under Section 211(b) of the Clean Air Act.

History: Producing Palm Product at Dahomey

Bending & checking the Palm Kernel early 19th century at Dahomey

*** Dahomey was an African kingdom in the present-day Republic of Benin which lasted from 1600 until 1900. Dahomey developed on the Abomey Plateau in the early 1600s and became a regional power in the 1700s by conquering key cities on the Atlantic coast. For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Dahomey was a key regional state, eventually ending tributary status to the Oyo empire and being a major location for the Atlantic slave trade, possibly supplying up to 20% of the slaves to Europe and the Americas. In 1894, the kingdom became part of French West Africa as part of the territory of French Dahomey (which also included Porto-Novo and a large area to the north of Dahomey). French rule lasted until 1960 when the independent country took the name Republic of Dahomey, to be changed to Benin in 1975.

Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, RSPO

The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) was formed in 2004 with the objective of promoting the growth and use of sustainable oil palm products through credible global standards and engagement of stakeholders. The seat of the association is in Zurich, Switzerland, while the secretariat is currently based in Kuala Lumpur with a satellite office in Jakarta.

RSPO is a not-for-profit association that represents stakeholders from seven sectors of the palm oil industry - oil palm producers, palm oil processors or traders, consumer goods manufacturers, retailers, banks and investors, environmental or nature conservation NGOs and social or developmental NGOs - to develop and implement global standards for sustainable palm oil.

Such multi-stakeholder representation is mirrored in the governance structure of RSPO such that seats in the Executive Board and project level Working Groups are fairly allocated to each sector. In this way, RSPO lives out the philosophy of the "roundtable" by giving equal rights to each stakeholder group to bring group-specific agendas to the roundtable, facilitating traditionally adversarial stakeholders and business competitors to work together towards a common objective and making decisions by consensus

The organization holds an annual meeting called RT or Round Table Meetings to bring together the various stakeholders to negotiate and deliberate on various issues affecting the industry. Such multi-stakeholder representation is mirrored in the governance structure of RSPO such that seats in the Executive Board and project level Working Groups are fairly allocated to each sector.

Some of the key achievements of the organization so far include:

• Establishment of the RSPO Principles & Criteria (P&C) for certification of mills and plantations;
• Formation of Working Groups on Green House Gases to address climate change issues;
• Smallholder Task Force to protect the rights of small farmers planting oil palm; and
• Biodiversity Technical Committee to work out biodiversity issues pertaining to sustainable production and biodiversity protection and conservation

History: First Palm Oil Mill in Malaysia

The first palm oil mill in Malaya at Tennamarain Estate, Batang Berjuntai, Selangor.

Oil palm was first planted commercially in Malaya in 1917 by Frenchman Henri Fauconnier.

Derived from what was originally considered a decorative plant, palm oil is today the highly versatile and valued commodity at the centre of many industries. Malaysia is the world’s largest producer and exporter of palm oil, accounting for 45 per cent of world output and 51 per cent of world exports in 2005. In addition to its export in crude form, palm oil—like rubber before it—has successfully generated numerous other downstream activities, including processing, refining, research and development and end-product manufacturing.

The Purpose of Boiler Chemicals

Alkalinity, Amines, Phosphates or polymers, and Sulfites are essential to preserve the life of a low pressure boiler. Here is the purpose of each boiler component.

Alkalinity is used to increase the boiler water pH to above 10.5. This serves three purposes. pH above 10.5 will decrease your overall corrosion rates, it will keep a 3:1 ratio of total alkalinity to silica, and it allows the polymer to react with calcium. A 3:1 ratio keeps silica from plating in the boiler. A low pH will result in an over general corrosion appearance on your boiler tubes.

Amines are used to increase the condensate pH to a range of 7.8 to 8.7. When generating steam, carbonic acid forms and as a result your steam pH is low. Amines are volatile and when introduced into the steam header or boiler water, amines will increase the condensate pH. A low pH will lead to excessive condensate pipe corrosion.

Phosphates and polymers are used to react with any calcium in the water. The polymer attaches itself to the calcium. The polymer and calcium then is able to exit the boiler through the surface or bottom blowdown. Phosphate reacts with the calcium and sinks the calcium to the bottom of the boiler. When using phosphates you must perform boiler blowdown daily to release the phosphate and calcium. Failure to use a polymer or phosphate will result in calcium build up on the tubes or as some call it boiler scale. This will decrease the over boiler efficiency and will drastically increase your fuel cost.

Sulfites are used to remove any dissolved oxygen from the water. Dissolved oxygen enters the boiler in make up water or as air is sucked into the system. Dissolved oxygen is extremely corrosive to your tubes and localized pits will form, ultimately resulting in premature tube failure. Maintain a 20 to 40 ppm residual of sulfite in your boiler water.

Remember water expands 100,000 times when changing from a liquid to vapor phase. A typical home water boiler 30 gallon system has enough energy to throw a 2,000 pound car over 100 feet in the air if catastrophically failed. Every year people die from not implementing a basic water treatment program.

That is boiler water treatment made simple for less then 200 psi boilers.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/3792536

Process Schematic at Palm Oil Mill Factory

Clean Development Mechanism: A Mechanism To Combat Climate Change

As growing concerns and public awareness continued throughout the 1980's, several United Nations General Assembly resolutions were adopted namely resolutions 44/228 of 22 December 1989, 43/53 of 6 December 1988, 44/207 of 22 December 1989, 45/212 of 21 December 1990 and 46/169 of 19 December 1991, urging for the protection of global climate for present and future generations of mankind.

The Second World Climate Conference on 7 November 1990 called for a framework of treaty and protocols on climate change. Thus on 9 May 1992, the environmental treaty, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ("UNFCCC") was opened for members' signature. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of 11 April 2007, 191 countries and economic community have ratified the UNFCCC.

UNFCCC is concerned "that human activities have been substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, that these increases enhance the natural greenhouse effect, and that this will result on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface and atmosphere and may adversely affect natural ecosystems and humankind."

UNFCCC's main objective is to achieve "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner."

The Kyoto Protocol ("the Protocol") an agreement made under the UNFCCC was adopted on 11 December 1997 and came into force on 16 February 2005. The Protocol provides for stronger and detailed commitments committing developed countries and countries under process of transition to a market economy to legally-binding targets to limit or reduce their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) (with the exception of Australia, Croatia, Turkey and USA, which have not ratified the Protocol. These countries and ultimately corporations within those countries are known as Annex 1 Parties. The Annex I Parties committed themselves to reduce their overall GHGs by at least 5% below the 1990 levels over the period between 2008 and 2012. Their GHGs reduction targets are specified in the Protocol and vary from country to country.

The GHGs identified in the Protocol are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The Protocol allows the Annex I Parties to decide which of these gases will form part of their national emissions reductions strategy.

The Protocol provided three mechanisms to assist Annex I Parties in meeting their GHGs targets at a lower cost. The three mechanisms introduced are; (a) emissions trading, this allows Annex I Parties to trade parts of their emission allowances or assigned amount units ("AAUs") to other Annex I Parties - Article 17 of the Protocol; (b) joint implementation (JI), which allows Annex I Parties receive emissions reductions units ("ERUs") generate by emission reduction projects in the countries of other Annex I Parties. ERUs can be transferred through direct sale of ERUs or part of a return of investment in eligible JI projects - Article 6 of the Protocol; and (c) a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), encourages joint projects between Annex I and non-Annex I (developing country) Parties. The non-Annex I Parties can create certified emissions reductions ("CERs") by developing projects that reduce emissions of GHGs thus achieving its national sustainable development goals. Annex I Parties finances these projects and purchase the CERs as a means to comply with its own reductions commitments - Article 12 of the Protocol.

Despite the agreement being approved in 1997, various negotiations were held thereafter to determine the proper operational details to implement the Protocol to enable the Protocol to function and accepted worldwide. Thus in 2001, the Marrakech Accords was signed that establishes detailed rules, procedures and modalities to implement the three mechanisms and stimulate active participation in the Protocol.

The Marrakech Accords laid down the eligibility criteria of a proposed CDM project; (a) it must be approved by the host country i.e. the Designated National Authority; (b) reduce GHG emissions to a baseline that is defined according to the CDM modalities and procedures; (c) contribute to the sustainable development goals of the host country (as defined by the host country). For Malaysia, her sustainable development goals cover the environment, social and economic aspects; (d) define exact, physical boundaries of project activities and consider leakage i.e. emissions occurring outside the project boundaries, related to the project activity; provide for stakeholder participation and consultation. Stakeholders are individuals, communities likely to be affected by the project such as local residents, non-governmental organisations and town councils; (e) exclude nuclear and large hydro technology; (f) prove that no resources are diverted from official development assistance (ODA). The term ODA applies to financial aid directed for other purposes must not be used to finance and support CDM projects; and (g) carried out only by countries that ratified the Protocol.

The high-level process of undertaking a CDM project include: (a) the completion of a project design document ("PDD") that describes the project activity, its purpose and the technology used; (b) submission of the PDD to a UNFCCC accredited operational entity ("DOE-A") for validation. If the project meets the validation criteria it will be registered by the CDM Executive Board. The operational entity is a third party that will assess the project design against the relevant UNFCCC and host country criteria. The important components of this are validating the baseline and checking that the project fulfils the additionality criteria. The concept of additionality is most directly captured by simulating the investment decision process, and confirming that a project would not be undertaken in the absence of payments for emission reductions. Such an analysis would require consideration not only of the potential returns to an investor, but also consideration of the riskiness of the returns [Ingmar Jurgens, Gustavo Best and Leslie Lipper 2004]; (c) implementation by the project participants of the validated plan by monitoring emissions reductions, collecting and reporting data; (d) periodic verification of emissions reductions by another UNFCCC accredited operational entity other that the one who validated the PDD ("DOE-B"); and (e) if the emissions reductions are verified and certified by the DOE-B then the CDM Executive Board will issue CERs which will be distributed to the national registries and accounts of the project participants.

Malaysia signed the UNFCCC on 9 June 1993 and ratified it on 13 July 1994. Malaysia ratified it the Protocol on 4 September 2002. The parties to the Protocol have agreed that renewable energy projects which are implemented as part of government policies to achieve sustainable development goals are eligible under the CDM.

This additional flexibility in the CDM rules not only reduce transaction costs for renewable energy projects, but also enable some smaller scale projects be recognized under the CDM. This flexibility is due to the high costs of renewable energy projects as compared to the conventional energy projects.

There are several types of project that qualify as CDM in Malaysia involving the renewable energy, energy efficiency improvement, forestry, waste management and transportation sectors.

As at 31 May 2007, there are 16 registered CDM projects in Malaysia and 31 projects with letter of approval provided by the Malaysian Designated National Authority. Not only CDM promotes investments from Annex I Parties, it also promotes the viability and increased use of renewable energy such as bio-diesel an alternative to diesel (derived from agricultural crops, wood, rice, sugar cane, empty fruit bunches, fibres and shells), biogas an alternative to natural gas (derived from plant and animal waste) and bio-ethanol an alternative to fuel (derived from agricultural crops, trees or grasses).

Malaysia considers the importance of having sustainable environment and has developed laws, national policies and plans towards achieving her sustainable development goals. Beginning from the Third Malaysia Plan (1976-1980), Eight Malaysia Plan (2001-2005), including the Outline Perspective Plan (OPP2 (1991-2000) and OPP3 (2001-2010) and thereafter the Fuel Diversification Policy introduced in 2001 recognises renewable energy ("RE") as the economy's fifth fuel after oil, coal, natural gas and hydro. The target was that RE contributes 5% of the country's electricity demand by 2005. Following the policy, the government granted tax incentives in the form of investment tax allowances, import duty and sales tax exemption until 2010.

The government also introduced the Small Renewable Energy Power Program ("SREP") aimed to promote RE as the fifth fuel. Other initiatives by the government through SREP include the Biomass Based Power Generation and Cogeneration for the Palm Oil Industry (BioGen) Project. The RM55.9 million BioGen project is funded by United Nations Development Programme, Global Environment Facility and the government. Among its goals are to reduce GHGs and to facilitate Malaysia's commitment to the Protocol.

RE projects not only reduce GHGs but also provide additional stream of revenue to the non Annex I Party through the sale of RE & CERs and allow technology to be transferred to the non Annex I Party.

With the presence of enabling laws, policies and tax allowances Malaysia has an enabling environment that is attractive to Annex I Parties looking to develop CDM projects in Malaysia.

CDM encourages developing countries like Malaysia to participate in the advancement of her sustainable development goals by placing CDM development as a priority and offering initiatives that are beneficial to the participants.

From Malaysia's perspective, CDM can: (a)attract investments for projects that can shift to a more thriving but less carbon-intensive industry; (b) allow active participation from private and public sectors ranging from various industries; (c) provide a mechanism to transfer technology if the investments from the Annex 1 countries are invested into projects that replaces inefficient fossil fuel technology or creates new technologies that are environmentally safe; and (d) help introduce new businesses in energy production.

Industrialization and modernization have led to the various consequences to the environment. However, with CDM beyond the financial benefits and technological assistance it may provide environmental benefits through carbon reduction benefits, reductions in air and water pollution, reduced fossil fuel use and the protection eco-systems.

In Malaysia, a substantial number of registered CDM projects come from the palm oil sector. There are several types of project that will contribute to better utilisation of technology in converting palm oil waste into fuel, extracting of gas from palm oil mill effluent retention ponds or water recycling of the palm oil mill effluent into treated water that will in turn improve the eco-system of the rivers.

On the social benefits, these projects would create employment opportunities in the target region thus progressing the social goals and address the environmental issues in the region.

In recent years, the demand for CER from developed countries has provided the opportunity of supporting CDM projects in developing countries. Since CDM projects is fairly new capacity building efforts need to be enhanced as many of the project developers are still understanding the CDM the process and the legal structure of the CDM projects. Not only project management is important, contract management is essentially important. The nature of the CER sale and purchase contract requires careful considerations as there are various important issues that may arise during the contract negotiations which may be a liability if not addressed carefully by both parties. Legal document structuring will provide the parties involved the basis support document that describes the risks and opportunities a CDM project can contribute to each party. A carefully chosen CER sale and purchase agreement models will provide parties the operational, strategic and legal advantages that will assist the parties in managing their relationship.

Vertical Sterilizer

Profit & Environmental Protection

Indonesia is the world's biggest palm oil producer but critics say it is harmful and unsustainable. Can the palm oil industry strike a balance between profits and environmental protection? 

 

FFB MTG, Mini Tractor Grabbing

Palm Trees Smart Harvesting, Prunning Mechanized Chisel

Palm Oil Palm Trees Smart Harvesting, Prunning Mechanized Chisel. Proven to save manpower, time, cost and increase productivity.

 

In-field Mechanization, Fresh Fruit Bunch Transporter

In-Field FFB Transporter

Machineries & Processing at Palm Oil Mill Plant

Boiler Water Treatment in Palm Oil Mills

Having several years of experience working with biomass-fired boilers in palm oil mills, I can say that boiler water treatment in palm oil mills is a challenging task if compared with industrial boilers. Unlike industrial boilers which rely heavily on condensate return and industrial water for boiler feed water makeup, the source of raw water for boiler feed water in palm oil mills comes from lake, river, or well. Relatively not much condensate can be recovered in palm oil mills due to the high amount of unrecoverable sterilizer condensate and the application of live steam in some of the process heating. In palm oil mills, low cycle of concentration is not uncommon which indicates more chemicals are wasted through blowdowns.

The raw water from natural resources is high in impurities, turbidity, dissolved gases, and mineral content. Sometimes algae, mud and oil could be present and silica is particularly a problem in water from lakes, and this scenario complicates treatment further. Lack or inadequate water treatment is dangerous as it may cause scaling and corrosion which affect the reliability, efficiency, and safe operation of the boiler.

In general, boiler water treatment consists of external and internal water treatment. External water treatment refers to conditioning boiler feedwater by removing impurities, hardness, oil, oxygen, dissolved and suspended solids, outside the boiler and usually accomplished by mechanical means such as continuous clarifier, pressure sand filter, water softener, and deaerator. Because it is not possible to obtain a perfect boiler feed water by external water treatment, an internal water treatment, which mainly by chemical means, shall be employed. All boiler engineers must be aware that the external treatment of boiler feedwater must be emphasized since more chemical addition in the boiler is undesirable.

In industrial boilers, the removal of turbidity and suspended matters is already done by the municipal water treatment system. This is however a different story in palm oil mills. The external treatment for boiler makeup (feedwater) consists of pH adjustment, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, water softening, and finally, deaeration. Soda ash is added if the pH of the water is low. Soda ash acts as pH adjustment because coagulant functions at pH ranges over 5.5 to 8.0. The coagulation chemicals are dosed into the inlet pipe leading to the bottom of a continuous water clarifier. Coagulation and flocculation are the basic steps in boiler water treatment to reduce turbidity, organic substances, and color of raw water. Coagulation neutralizing the negative charges on colloid surfaces, allowing the particles to agglomerate to form floc, which is slow settling. The most common coagulants are aluminum sulfate (alum), sodium aluminate, and polyaluminum chloride (PAC). Synthetic polymers called polyelectrolites have been developed for coagulation process. Flocculation is further agglomeration of slowly-settling coagulated particles into large rapidly-settling floc with the addition flocculant such as organic polymer (starch) or synthetic polymer such as polyacrylamide (PAM) to attach and bridge between particles to form larger agglomerates.

From the natural resources, the water is pumped by booster pumps into the continuous clarifier to allow flocs to settle down. The water rises with decreasing velocity and the resultant floc forms a sludge blanket at the upper part of the conical section. The clarifier is blowdown periodically to remove the heavy sludge, which settled at the bottom while clear water is transported to a clear water tank before passing through a pressure sand filter where solids escaped from the clarifier and fine particles are filtered and removed. Normally, the sand filter removes fine particles up to 10 μm. Sand filters normally contain sands and gravels, 100% anthracite, or combination of sand, anthracite, and gravel. Sufficient water reservoir is maintained in the overhead tank and if the level of water in the tank becomes low, the operation of boilers could be affected. In water softener, sodium zeolite ion-exchange process is used to remove hardness. The function of a softener is to remove water hardness (calcium and magnesium) using ion exchange process. Normally sodium zeolite is used and a softener would contain 30~36" of synthetic ion exchange resin. For example, calcium bicarbonate, Ca(HCO3)2 dissolves in water and split up to Ca2+ and (HCO3)-. In ion-exchange process, Ca2+ is removed by replacing sodium ion using resin ion-exchange bed which is covered with Na+ ions. Here in palm oil mills, the softeners are prone to bio and iron fouling. Soft water is then pumped into the deaerator for deaeration. The pressurized deaerator operates by allowing steam into the feed water through a pressure control valve to maintain the desired operating pressure, and hence temperature at a minimum of 105°C. The steam raises the water temperature causing the release of O2 and CO2 gases that are then vented from the system. This type can reduce the oxygen content to 0.005 ppm. The water produced is oxygen-free therefore oxygen corrosion in the boiler can be avoided.

The internal treatment involves the addition of reactant chemicals such as sulfite, sodium phosphate, chelates, polymers, and caustic, which each has different function in treating boiler water. To prevent oxygen corrosion, the chemical known as oxygen scavenger is added. The common oxygen scavengers are sulfite, hydrazine, and DEHA. Hydrazine however should be avoided because it is carcinogenic.. Phosphate prevents scaling by precipitating calcium as calcium triphosphate or hydroxylaptite, which can be removed via blowdown.

Red Palm Oil - Soap Making Oil and More!

Red Palm Oil, African Oil Palm, is cold pressed from the fruit of the Elais Guineensis palm tree. It should not be confused with Palm Kernel Oil, which is pressed from the seeds, instead. This palm tree can grow up to 65 feet, with leaves, dense clusters of flowers and large bunches of dark, orange-reddish, colored fruit. Each fruit is the size of a large plum with a fleshy outer layer and a seed, (palm kernel), inside. This tree flourishes in humid tropical weather and is native to west tropical Africa.

Red Palm Oil has numerous healthful benefits! It is a powerhouse of nutrition! It contains more nutrients than any other dietary oil. Its dark red vibrant color comes from carotenes such as: alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene. These nutrients are the ones that give carrots, tomatoes and other fruits and vegetables their rich colors. In addition it contains, at least, ten other carotenes, vitamin K benefits, CoQ10, squalene, phytosterois, flavonoids, pheolic acids and glycolipids. It's rich with the benefits of vitamins A and E! For example, it contains fifteen times more pro-vitamin A carotenes than carrots and three hundred times more than tomatoes! This oil is one of the richest sources of natural vitamin E! It contains natural antioxidants benefits too!

This oil is different, somewhat, from regular Palm Oil. It's not refined and bleached. It contains more carotenoids, tocophenols and tocotrienols, with non-hydrogenated natural saturated fats, (50%), and unsaturated fats, (50%). The main type of unsaturated fat in Red Palm Oil is oleic acid, which is predominant in Olive Oil, as well. Virgin Red Palm Oil is unrefined. It's 100% pure and natural. This virgin oil has no coloring or additives. It retains a high rich content of vitamins A and E! It has the fragrance of violets with an earthy scent. It taste similar to olive oil. It's used a variety of ways: to eat in foods, for cooking, for cosmetics or for making homemade soap!

HEALTH BENEFITS:

It can be blended into mayonnaise, salad oil or other foods. A tablespoon of Red Palm Oil is a recommended dose when used for a dietary supplement. It can improve blood circulation and protect against heart disease.

SKIN CARE BENEFITS:

Red Palm Oil offers multiple skin care benefits! It has moisturizing and healing properties. It's beneficial for eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, dry, sun damaged or premature aged skin. This oil is handcrafted into many commercial and homemade skin care products. The vitamin E benefits and vitamin A benefits make this oil a popular skin care choice!

MAKING HOMEMADE SOAP:

As a soap making oil, it produces a nice hard bar of soap with a stable lather. It blends well with other soap making oils, such as: coconut and olive oil. In your homemade soap recipes you may want to naturally color your soap a warm yellow-orange tint. You can achieve this by adding a small amount of it to your base oils or superfatting at trace. This oil has a shelf life of, approximately, eighteen months. Store it in a cool, dry and dark location. Its level of saturated fat will help resist rancidity.

Sumatra's Sustainable Palm Oil

The small holder palm oil project run by the farmers of Dosan village in Riau (Sumatra, Indonesia) is demonstrating that sustainable palm oil production and protection of Indonesia's remaining rainforest can go hand in hand.

Sustainable Palm oil production

Most palm oil is produced in Malaysia and Indonesia on land that was once thriving rainforest. As global demand grows, more and more forests are being cleared. In areas such as Borneo and Sumatra, rich in biodiversity, deforestation can be catastrophic. Endangered species including orang-utans, tigers, elephants and rhinos are losing critical habitats, pushing them toward extinction.

In 2004, WWF helped set up the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), a group that includes every link in the global supply chain, from growers and processors, to food companies and retailers and investors.

With the RSPO, WWF developed a set of international standards for responsible palm oil production. Producers that show they meet these criteria are able to sell certified sustainable palm oil. That means companies that use it in their lipstick, soap, margarine or whatever else can make the same guarantee to their customers.

Certified sustainable palm oil cannot be grown in place of primary forest or in important conservation areas. Growers have to use the best growing practices to keep soil and water supplies healthy, and to reduce pollution and carbon emissions. They also need to pay a decent wage and respect the rights of workers and communities.

The first certified sustainable palm oil came on to the market in September 2008. Today, about 6.4% of all palm oil is certified sustainable.
By looking out for CSPO, the label for sustainable palm oill, you'll be able to buy these products safe in the knowledge that you're not contributing to the destruction of the rainforests.

Investing in a Palm Oil Plantation Business

Palm oil is native to West Africa. Nigeria used to be the world's largest producer of oil palm before the oil boom era, but Malaysia has now taken the leading position. Oil palm plantation and allied industries is now the main stay of the Malaysian economy. The palm tree can be used in various ways: the leaves are used in making brooms and for roofing materials (in the rural areas). The bark of the fond can be peeled and woven into baskets, the main trunk can be split like sawn timbers and used as part of building materials, while palm wine can also be obtained from the palm tree, as well as red palm oil, which is readily obtainable from the fresh fruit bunches.

When the fruit is processed, however, the residue obtained can be used as fuel (for cooking and fertilizer to improve soil nutrient).

Red palm oil is used in cooking, making soap, candle and margarine. Palm kernel oil can be extracted from the nut, while the residue obtainable in the process of palm kernel oil extraction, otherwise called palm kernel cake, is used as livestock feed.

Palm kernel oil is used in vegetable oil and soap making, and the shells are useful as energy source. The uses to which oil palm can be made seem non-exhaustive. This clearly indicates that investment made in the establishment of oil palm plantation is nothing but a wise one.

The market is guaranteed for all the products of oil palm plantation in this era of global food crisis.

Technical Information

To establish palm oil plantation, involves getting a good site where rich, well-drained acidic soils are abundant. The soil should have adequate quantities of potassium, magnesium and nitrogen. Soil tests should therefore be carried out to determine the nutrient status of the land. It is usually better to use the early maturing variety called 'tenera,' which bears fruits as from the fourth year.

Other requirements include seedlings procurement, which can be obtained from reputable nurseries. Prospective investors must engage the services of agricultural experts in the course of establishing this project.

Other cultural practices are planting, regular weeding, pruning and fertilizer application.

Financial Aspect

We are recommending 50 hectares for a start. 20 hectares oil palm plantation can conveniently service a palm oil mill that will be established by the owner when the plantation starts to bring fruit. To establish 50 hectares of plantation, the sum of N10, 500,000 will be required and this is broken down as follows:

Pre-investments: N300, 000
Land acquisition: N4, 000,000
Land clearing/preparation: N3, 000,000
Seedlings procurement: 120/ha(2400 @ N500): N1, 200,000
Other cultural practices @N100, 000/ha: N2, 000,000
Total N10, 500,000

Income Analysis

A mature plantation will start to give an investor five tons of red palm oil annually from the fourth year per hectare. 100 metric tons of oil can be obtained annually from 20 hectares of plantation.

A ton of red palm oil is a minimum of N150, 000, while gross revenue of N15 million is obtained from red palm oil.

We can also get three metric tons of palm kernels per hectare, which gives us 60 tons from 20 hectares. This translates to annual income of N4.2 million. Total income realisable is about N19.2 million, while the annual operating expense is put at N5.8 million.

This leaves us with net income of N13.4 million annually for the investor for the rest of his/her life. Serious-minded investors can be assisted in realising this worthwhile investment.

10 Top Reasons to Make Biodiesel

1. Biodiesel is EASY to make. You can make Biodiesel in your kitchen!. Anybody can make biodiesel.

2. Biodiesel is BETTER than the Petro-diesel fuel. Biodiesel is cleaner. It cuts down on targeted emission - better for the environment and better for health.

3. Biodiesel provides good engine performance. Your diesel motor will run better and last longer on your home-made fuel.

4. The production and use of biodiesel create less carbon dioxide emission compared to petroleum diesel. Hence Causing less damage to the atmosphere.

5. The Raw Material for making Biodiesel is Renewable and Biodegradable.
You can make biodiesel from Vegetable Oil such as palm Oil.

6. Petroleum Oil Prices is increasing. Now, Biodiesel is at it's infancy. It is the best time for you to start experimenting with biodiesel and if you know how to make it, then when biodiesel is in demand, you will be at the top.

7. Biodiesel can be used neat or blended with petroleum diesel in any proportions.
So, when petroleum diesel is too highly priced, like it is now, your biodiesel will be very much in demand.

8. No modification is required on your diesel engine. Biodiesel operates in conventional combustion-ignition engines, from light to heavy-duty just like petroleum diesel and no engine modifications are required.

9. Fossil fuel is depleting. Fossil fuel products have been used by mankind as a source of energy and it was assumed that they will last forever. Time has changed: with fossil fuel on depletion and global warming on the increase, it is time to create a sustainable world.

 

10. Best of all is the GREAT feeling of freedom, independence and empowerment it will give you.

Horizontal Sterilizer (Un-Fired Pressure Vessel)

Malaysian Palm Oil Enters the Alternative Fuel Industry

Documentary on Sustainability of Malaysian Palm Oil Industry

Palm Oil for Trans-Fat Challenges

When developing food products without trans-fatty acids, food scientists should consider formulating items with palm oil. Trans-fatty acids, in general, are thought to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and they are formed when fats are hydrogenated to make them more solid and extend their shelf life. Because palm oil is semi-solid naturally, it does not require hydrogenation.
Palm oil is extracted from the fruit of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis. Unlike many other vegetable oils, the extraction is done without using solvents. Palm oil is the leading agricultural crop of Malaysia, which is the world's largest producer. The oil, from the flesh of the fruit, is refined to remove free fatty acids, color and unwanted flavor. It can be fractionated into many grades including olein (liquid oil) and steam (solids), depending on the solid fat level needed for functionality.

The fatty acid composition of palm oil is a mixture of 10% polyunsaturated, 40% monounsaturated and 50% saturated fatty acids. It is about 40% oleic, 10% linoleic, 45% palmitic and 5% stearic acid.
A Plethora of Possibilities
Palm oil is rich in antioxidants. These include beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A; and tocopherols and tocotrienols, vitamin E constituents. These scavengers of free radicals are thought to help protect people from cellular aging, atherosclerosis and cancer. Tests have shown that palm oil does not raise blood cholesterol levels. In fact, in several studies, blood cholesterol was reduced from entry-level values.
In a paper supplied by the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia titled, "Trans Fatty Acids Free Food Formulation Based on Palm Oil and its Products," authors Noor Lida Habi Mat Dim and Mohd Suria Affandi Yusoff give formulations for several trans-fat free products using palm oil fractions, combinations with other oils and interesterified oils.

When developing food products without trans-fatty acids, food scientists should consider formulating items with palm oil. Trans-fatty acids, in general, are thought to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and they are formed when fats are hydrogenated to make them more solid and extend their shelf life. Because palm oil is semi-solid naturally, it does not require hydrogenation.
Palm oil is extracted from the fruit of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis. Unlike many other vegetable oils, the extraction is done without using solvents. Palm oil is the leading agricultural crop of Malaysia, which is the world's largest producer. The oil, from the flesh of the fruit, is refined to remove free fatty acids, color and unwanted flavor. It can be fractionated into many grades including olein (liquid oil) and steam (solids), depending on the solid fat level needed for functionality.
Most RecentFood Articles

The fatty acid composition of palm oil is a mixture of 10% polyunsaturated, 40% monounsaturated and 50% saturated fatty acids. It is about 40% oleic, 10% linoleic, 45% palmitic and 5% stearic acid.
A Plethora of Possibilities
Palm oil is rich in antioxidants. These include beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A; and tocopherols and tocotrienols, vitamin E constituents. These scavengers of free radicals are thought to help protect people from cellular aging, atherosclerosis and cancer. Tests have shown that palm oil does not raise blood cholesterol levels. In fact, in several studies, blood cholesterol was reduced from entry-level values.
In a paper supplied by the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia titled, "Trans Fatty Acids Free Food Formulation Based on Palm Oil and its Products," authors Noor Lida Habi Mat Dim and Mohd Suria Affandi Yusoff give formulations for several trans-fat free products using palm oil fractions, combinations with other oils and interesterified oils.
Table margarines and bakery shortenings need to be smooth, with a fine crystal structure, so that they can easily be spread and mixed. Bakery shortenings impart a tender quality to baked goods and contribute to the formation of their structure during cooking. Palm oil formulations showed good baking characteristics, producing cakes that were comparable in volume, texture, structure, flavor and eating characteristics when compared to a control of commercial shortening.
Frying oils must withstand high temperatures without breaking down or polymerizing quickly, and without oxidizing and turning rancid. Some oils have to be partially hydrogenated for this purpose. However, palm oil has a moderate linoleic acid content and small linolenic acid content, two polyunsaturated fatty acids that oxidize relatively quickly, as well as a high level of natural antioxidants. Several types of palm oil and palm olein can be used successfully in frying applications, without hydrogenation.
Cocoa butter substitutes should have the snap and crunch of chocolate and a melt-in-the mouth sensation. A fat similar to cocoa butter may be made from a POP-rich mid fraction (Palmitic-Oleic-Palmitic) of palm oil mixed with another oil fraction, or it can be produced by interesterification of palm olein. Interesterification of palm oil also produces confectionery fats that can be used, for example, as a butter cream filling for cookies.
In imitation dairy products, butterfat is replaced with vegetable oil, which lengthens their shelf life. Palm oil can be used in "filled" milks as well as in coffee whiteners or coffee creamers. It also can be used in ice cream and in imitation cheese in a fat blend.

Fact to Fight Global Warming

Malaysia Golden Oil

Palm Oil Mill Factory

Palm Trees Do More Than Shade You From The Sun.. Coconut Oil and Palm Oil Are Both Essential

Good Fats…Bad Fats…it can be very confusing to many of us. But despite a growing understanding of fats—what makes a good fat or a bad fat and why your body absolutely need fats. They also burn in the body at a faster rate. What's most interesting is that these MCTs provide your body with a number of health benefits.
Put Your Heart On Vacation!
Palm oil, long demonized for being high in saturated fats, actually helps to improve your cholesterol profile. You likely already know that you have two main types of cholesterol—one that can contribute to heart disease and one that protects against it. Well, palm oil helps to lower your bad cholesterol and raise your good. (1)
The fats in coconut oil are more stable than the fats you find in other vegetable derived oils. These fats aren't damaged when you cook with them. And they are less prone to oxidation in your body. These two facts together make coconut oil one of the healthiest oils for your heart. (2)
Other Health Advantages You Achieve With MCTs!
Using palm and coconut oils as a regular part of your diet can give you other advantages too.
Remember, your body burns MCTs at a faster rate than fats from other vegetable oils. This can mean a boost to your metabolism, which can help to promote weight loss. In one study, researchers had subjects supplement with either long-chain fatty acids or a combination of long-chain and medium chain fatty acids. The group receiving the medium chain fatty acids lost body fat and built lean muscle compared with the other group. (3)
In other animal studies, researchers have found that MCTs help the liver to function better and help to prevent the build up of fatty tissues within the liver. (4)
Because of its stability and its pleasant flavor, I highly recommend that you switch to coconut oil when it comes to cooking. (When choosing a coconut oil, look for one that has not been hydrogenated.) This switch will benefit your heart and your whole body.

Palm Oil Processing (producing Crude Palm Oil & Palm Kernel)

How to Choose the Proper Cooking Oil

While cooking oils are pure fat, they are not created equal. All cooking oils are a combination of saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats. It is the concentration of hydrogen that determines how they are categorized. Without getting too technical, the following information will hopefully provide a basic understanding of fats.

Saturated Fats:

Saturated fats are found in animal products and are converted into cholesterol by the liver. Butter, margarine, meats and dairy products are especially high in saturated fat. Saturated fat will elevate blood cholesterol levels and is associated with increased rates of heart disease and stroke. It is solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fats:

There are two types of unsaturated fats: monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats do not raise blood cholesterol levels. Canola and olive oils contain the highest proportion of monounsaturated fat when compared with other cooking oils. Safflower and corn oil are the highest in polyunsaturated fats.

Trans Fats:

Trans fats are man-made or processed fats, which are made from a liquid oil. When hydrogen is added to liquid vegetable oil and pressure is added, the result is a stiffer fat, like the fat found in a can of Crisco. Trans fats are also called hydrogenated fats and are found in margarine and trans fat partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. Trans fats pose a greater risk of heart disease than saturated fats (which were once believed to be the worst kind of fats). While it is true that saturated fats (found in butter, cheese, beef, coconut and palm oil) raise total cholesterol levels, trans fats not only raise total cholesterol levels, they also deplete good cholesterol (HDL), which helps protect against heart disease.

Partially Hydrogenated Fats:

If you have health concerns, read food labels to see if they list "partially hydrogenated oil" as an ingredient. Partially hydrogenated oils are present in all commercially made donuts, crackers, cookies, pastries, deep-fat fried foods (including those from all major fast-food chains), potato and corn chips, imitation cheeses, and confectionery fats found in frosting and candies. All of these products contain unsaturated fats which can be damaged at high temperatures and converted to a trans fat.

Understanding the Difference between Refined and Unrefined Cooking Oils...

Refined Oils:

Refined oils are extracted by solvent extraction for further refining in order to produce clear oil that is free from rancidity and foreign matter. These oils are used as medium cooking oils (225°F to 350°F), high cooking oils (350°F to 450°F) and deep frying oils (greater than 450°F). Refined oils are bland and pale. They have negligible flavor and aroma which makes them ideal for preparing delicately flavored dishes. Use for baking, sauteing, stir-fry and wok cooking, baking, searing, browning, deep-frying and pan-frying.

Unrefined Oils:

Unrefined oils are processed by cold-pressed and expeller-pressed methods. They carry the true flavor of the plant from which the oil is made. The strong flavor of unrefined oils may overwhelm the dish or baked good that is prepared with them; however, strong flavor is not always undesirable and some unrefined oils are used as flavoring agents. (Generally, when there is a strong natural flavor and aroma, there is a higher amount of nutritional value.) These oils are typically called salad oils and are used for salad dressings, marinades, sauces and as light cooking oils for light sautes and low heat baking. As a general rule, they should not be cooked at high temperatures. (The one exception is unrefined safflower oil which is capable of reaching a temperature necessary for deep-frying.) Unrefined oils should not be used at temperatures above 320°F.

Various Cooking Oils and Recommended Use...

Some oils have low smoke points, which means that they will burn at low temperatures. These oils, typically called salad oils, are best used for salad dressings, marinades, sauces and as light cooking oils for light sautes and low heat baking. Other cooking oils have a high smoke point, which means that they can reach higher temperatures without smoking. These particular oils are ideal for deep-frying, pan-frying and sauteing. The information below will discuss various types of cooking oils and their recommended use.

Canola - Canola oil is a monounsaturated oil extracted from the seeds of a plant in the mustard family. It has a mild flavor and aroma and is most commonly available in a refined form. It has a bland flavor and is recommended for deep-frying, pan-frying, sauteing, baking and preparing salad dressings. Its mild flavor and relatively high smoke point (400°F) make refined canola oil a good all-purpose oil. Of all the cooking oils, canola has the least amount of saturated fat (6%) and is the least expensive.

Corn - Made from the germ of the corn kernel, corn oil is almost tasteless and is high in polyunsaturated fat (62%). It is used to make margarine, salad dressings and mayonnaise. With a smoke point of 450°F, it is excellent for pan-frying and deep-frying because it can withstand high temperatures without smoking.

Olive - Olive oil is a monounsaturated oil extracted from tree-ripened olives. The color may range from light amber to green with flavors that range from bland to extremely strong. Olive oil is graded according to its degree of acidity and the process used to extract the oil. Oil labeled "virgin" is cold pressed (a process using no heat or chemicals) and contains low levels of acidity. It provides the body with vitamins E and F. Oil labeled "pure" uses heat and chemicals to process olive residue from subsequent pressings. Unrefined olive oil has a smoke point of 320°F and is recommended for baking, sauteing, stir-frying and wok cooking.

Peanut - Made from pressed, steam-cooked peanuts, peanut oil contains 18% saturated fat. It has a bland flavor and is good for cooking because it doesn't absorb or transfer flavors. Frying with peanut oil gives foods a rich, nutty, roasted flavor. Refined peanut oil has a smoke point of 450°F and is recommended for stir-frying, wok cooking, pan-frying and deep-frying.

Safflower - Made from safflower seeds, safflower oil is pale yellow and almost flavorless. It has more polyunsaturated fat that other oils (78%) but lacks vitamin E. It is considered a good, all-purpose cooking oil. Safflower oil is a favorite for salads because it does not solidify when chilled. Refined safflower oil has a smoke point of 450°F and is recommended for deep-frying, pan-frying, sauteing and baking.

Sesame - Made from pressed sesame seeds, sesame oil is high in polyunsaturated fat (43%) and monounsaturated fat (42%). It comes in two varieties, light and dark. Light sesame oil is made with untoasted sesame seeds and has a nutty flavor. It is especially good for stir-frying, wok cooking and preparing dressings. Dark sesame oil (Asian) is made with toasted sesame seeds and has a much stronger flavor than light sesame oil. It should only be used in small quantities for flavoring foods; it is not suitable for cooking. Refined sesame oil has a smoke point of 350°F and semirefined sesame oil has a smoke point of 450°F.

Soybean - Highly refined soybean oil is reasonably priced, very mild, versatile and it represents approximately 80% of all the cooking oils used in commercial food production in the USA. Almost any product that lists vegetable oil as an ingredient most likely contains refined soybean oil. With a smoke point of 450°F, soybean oil is a good, all-purpose oil. Use for deep-frying, pan-frying, wok cooking, stir-frying and baking.

Sunflower - Made from sunflower seeds, sunflower oil is pale yellow in color, has a bland flavor and is considered a good, all-purpose oil. It is low in saturated fat and high in polyunsaturated fat. Semirefined sunflower oil has a smoke point of 450°F and is excellent for sauteing, preparing salad dressings, deep-frying and pan-frying.

Vegetable - Vegetable oil is an inexpensive, all-purpose oil which is a blend of refined oils made from vegetables, nuts and seeds. Most vegetable oils are made from soybeans and are high in monounsaturated fat, high in polyunsaturated fat and low in saturated fat. Designed to have a mild flavor and a high smoke point, it is recommended for deep-frying, pan-frying, sauteing and baking.Note: The American Heart Association Cookbook, Fifth Edition, recommends all of the above cooking oils with the exception of peanut oil due to its high saturated fat content.
Miscellaneous Facts, Tips and Warnings...

Essential fatty acids are vital for good health. Without some fats in our diets, we cannot absorb the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K.

All cooking oils contain 100% fat.

A tablespoon of cooking oil contains 14 grams of fat.

All cooking oils contain the same number of calories - one tablespoon contains 120 calories.

For better health, choose oils/fats that are low in saturated fat.

Cooking oil used for deep-frying can usually be reused several times. Wait until the oil has cooled completely before handling then strain it into a clean sealable container for storing.

The most accurate method of testing the temperature of oil for deep-frying is a deep-fat thermometer. Make sure the bulb of your thermometer is completely immersed in the oil, but not touching the bottom of the pan. Otherwise, the reading could be affected. If a deep-fat thermometer is not available, the age-old method of dropping a square of bread into the hot oil will suffice. If the bread cube rises to the surface crackling and frying, the oil's hot enough.Rule of thumb when using this method - If the bread cube browns uniformly in:
60 seconds, the temperature is 350-365°F

40 seconds, the temperature is about 365-382°F

20 seconds, the temperature is about 382-390°F

To dispose of used cooking oil, carefully pour cooled oil into a strong sealable container, such as an old plastic jar with a lid or old coffee can. (Avoid using breakable glass jars.) If the amount of oil is small, place the filled, sealed jar in the trash. Dispose of large amounts of cooking oil by taking it to the local landfill.

Do not pour cooking oil down the kitchen drain. Even small amounts will eventually clog the plumbing.

Remember to always wait until cooking oil has cooled completely before handling.